Arterial Spin Labeling Technique Used for the Diagnosis Alzheimer’s Disease

Researchers found a new method of detecting and monitoring Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique called arterial spin labeling (ASL) that measure changes in brain function.

The researchers determined that the ASL-MRI technique has potential as an alternative to the current standard, a specific positron emission tomography (PET) scan that requires exposure to small amounts of a radioactive glucose analog and costs approximately four-times more than an ASL-MRI. Two studies published online November 2011, in Alzheimer’s and Dementia, journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, and in Neurology, journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

ASL-MRI can be used to measure neurodegenerative alterations in a similar manner that fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET scans are currently being used to measure glucose metabolism in the brain. Both modalities correlate with cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
“In brain tissue, regional blood flow is tightly coupled to regional glucose consumption, which is the fuel the brain uses to function. Increases or decreases in brain function are accompanied by changes in both blood flow and glucose metabolism,” explained John A. Detre, MD, professor of neurology and radiology at Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, USA), senior author of the articles, who has worked on ASL-MRI for the past 20 years. “We designed ASL-MRI to allow cerebral blood flow to be imaged noninvasively and quantitatively using a routine MRI scanner.”

When AD is suspected, patients typically receive an MRI initially to look for structural changes that could indicate other medical causes, such as a stroke or brain tumor. Adding approximately 10-20 minutes to the test time, ASL can be integrated into the routine MRI and gather functional measures to detect Alzheimer’s disease upfront, turning a routine clinical test (structural MRI) into both a structural and functional test.

“If ASL-MRI were included in the initial diagnostic work-up routinely, it would save the time for obtaining an additional PET scan, which we often will order when there is diagnostic uncertainty, and would potentially speed up diagnosis,” said David Wolk, MD, assistant professor of neurology and assistant director of the Penn Memory Center, and a collaborator on this research.

The studies reported revealed a comparison of ASL-MRI and FDG-PET in a group of Alzhiemer’s patients and age-matched controls. Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism were measured simultaneously by injecting the PET tracer during the MRI study. The data were then analyzed two different ways.

In the first study, ASL-MRI and FDG-PET images from 13 patients diagnosed with AD and 18 age-matched controls were analyzed by visual inspection. Independent, blinded review of the two tests by expert nuclear medicine physicians demonstrated similar abilities to rule out (sensitivity) and diagnose (specificity) Alzheimer’s. Neither ASL-MRI nor FDG-PET revealed a distinct advantage from quantitative testing. In the second study, published ahead of print November 16, 2011, in the journal Neurology, the ASL-MRI and FDG-PET images were compared statistically at each location in the brain by computerized analysis. Data from 15 AD patients were compared to 19 age-matched healthy adults. The patterns of reduction in cerebral blood flow were almost indistinguishable to the patterns of reduced glucose metabolism by FDG-PET, both of which differed from the patterns of reduction in gray matter seen in AD.

“Given that ASL-MRI is entirely noninvasive, has no radiation exposure, is widely available and easily incorporated into standard MRI routines, it is potentially more suitable for screening and longitudinal disease tracking than FDG-PET,” said the study authors.

Further studies, according to the scientists, will focus on larger sample sizes including patients with mild cognitive impairment and other types of neurodegenerative disorders.

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Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania