Coronary Angiography May Improve Outcomes for Cardiac Arrest Patients

People who suffer cardiac arrests and then receive coronary angiography are twice as likely to survive without significant brain damage compared with those who do not have the procedure, according to a recent report.

The study, published in the May/June 2009 issue of the Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, and available online in April 2009, revealed that patient outcomes improved with coronary angiography, an imaging procedure that shows how blood flows through the heart, regardless of certain clinical and demographic factors that influenced who received the procedure.

"Given the low odds of survival--about 6%--for patients who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, it's important to understand which treatments might make a difference in these dismal outcomes," noted Jon C. Rittenberger, M.D., corresponding author of the study and an assistant professor in the department of emergency medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (UPMC; PA, USA). The importance of prompt coronary angiography is well established for cardiac arrest patients presenting with specific types of heart problems, Dr. Rittenberger noted. "But our study, which shows that angiography is independently associated with good neurologic outcomes, suggests that clinicians should consider the procedure for all postcardiac arrest patients," he added.

Coronary angiography uses a contrast dye and X-rays to see the blood vessels and chambers of the heart. The procedure is usually performed in conjunction with catheterization, which involves threading a thin hollow tube through an artery and into the heart. Dye is injected into the catheter and highlights any blockages in blood flow, which are then visible by X-ray.

The researchers retrospectively analyzed the charts of 241 adult cardiac arrest patients who were treated at UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007. Coronary artery disease was present in 52% of the patients, and the rate did not differ between those who received coronary angiography (40% of the group) and those who did not. Those findings are consistent with earlier research showing that 60-80% of cardiac arrests are a result of cardiovascular disease.

Just over half of patients who received coronary angiography experienced a good clinical outcome--defined as being discharged to home or to an acute rehabilitation facility--compared to 24.8% of patients who do not have the procedure. Early angiography, performed within 24 hours of a patient's arrival, was not associated with improved survival when compared to having the procedure done later, but the researchers noted that the small number of patients might have made it impossible to validate a difference.

"Coronary angiography appears to put patients on a more proactive path of care, which may lead to a better outcome," said Dr. Rittenberger. "As this study demonstrates, most of these cardiac arrest patients have heart disease, which is often something that we can fix. Many of the patients who get coronary angiography go on to get bypass surgery, a balloon pump, a defibrillator, or other such aggressive treatments."

Dr. Rittenberger and his colleagues found no significant differences between those who received angiography and those who did not with respect to age, history of cardiac disease, and use of therapeutic hypothermia, a procedure used to cool patients who remain comatose after resuscitation following cardiac arrest to prevent brain damage.

However, patient sex, location of the arrest, the initial heart rhythm disturbance, and certain coronary and neurologic abnormalities were among the predictors of who would receive angiography. Men who suffered cardiac arrests outside of the hospital were more likely to have the procedure. The researchers also discovered that coronary angiography was more likely to be performed on patients with better neurologic status. Nevertheless, with the use of therapeutic hypothermia, patients may not reveal their true neurologic state for several days after the return of spontaneous blood circulation, they noted.

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