3D Real-Time X-Ray Images May Be Closer to Reality

Three-dimensional (3D), real-time X-ray images of patients could be closer to reality because of research recently completed by Russian and American scientists.

In a study to be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Physical Review Letters, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL; USA) physics and astronomy professor Anthony Starace and his colleagues give scientists significant insights into how to utilize coherent, high-powered X-rays. "This could be a contributor to a number of innovations,” Prof. Starace said.

Prof. Starace's work focuses on a process called high-harmonic generation (HHG). X-ray radiation can be created by focusing an optical laser into atoms of gaseous elements-- usually low-electron types such as hydrogen, helium, or neon. HHG is a process that creates the energetic X-rays when the laser light interacts with those atoms' electrons, causing the electrons to vibrate rapidly and emit X-rays.

But the difficulty with HHG has been around almost as long as the onset of the method in 1988: The X-ray light produced by the atoms is very weak. In an effort to make the X-rays more powerful, scientists have tried using higher-powered lasers on the electrons, but success has been limited. "Using longer wavelength lasers is another way to increase the energy output of the atoms,” Prof. Starace said. "The problem is, the intensity of the radiation [the atoms] produce drops very quickly.”

Instead of focusing on low-electron atoms like hydrogen and helium, Prof. Starace's group applied HHG hypothesis to heavier (and more rare) gaseous atoms having many electrons--elements such as xenon, argon, and krypton. They discovered that the process would unleash high-energy X-rays with relatively high intensity by using longer wavelength lasers (with wavelengths within certain atom-specific ranges) that happen to drive collective electron oscillations of the many-electron atoms. "If you use these rare gases and shine a laser in on them, they'll emit X-rays with an intensity that is much, much stronger [than with the simple atoms],” Prof. Starace said. "The atomic structure matters.”

According to Prof. Starace, that unlocking the high-powered X-rays could lead one day, for example, to more powerful and precise X-ray machines. For instance, he reported, cardiologists might conduct an exam by scanning a patient and creating a 3D hologram of his or her heart, beating in real time.

Nanoscientists, who study the control of matter on an atomic or molecular scale, also may benefit from this finding, according to Dr. Starace. Someday, the high-intensity X-rays may be used to make 3D images of the microscopic structures with which nanoscientists work. "With nanotechnology, miniaturization is the order of the day,” he said. "But nanoscientists obviously could make use of a method to make the structures they're building and working with more easily visible.”

The work is sponsored through funding by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF).

Prof. Starace commented that NSF's sponsorship made the collaboration with his Russian colleagues Mikhail V. Frolov, N.L. Manakov, and T.S. Sarantseva, from Voronezh State University (Russia), and M.Y. Emelin and M.Y. Ryabikin, from the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), possible.


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