MRI Benefits Women with Breast Cancer Family History But No Genetic Predisposition

Adding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to conventional breast cancer screening approaches is costly, although it could be cost-effective for a group of women who may not have inherited the breast cancer-susceptibility genes, but who have a familial risk of developing the disease.

This is the conclusion of research presented at the 8th European Breast Cancer Conference (EBCC-8), held March 22-24, 2012, in Vienna, Austria. Women who carry the BRCA1/2 gene mutations are known to be at much higher risk of developing breast cancer, and at an early age; for this reason most breast cancer screening programs begin evaluating them with mammography from a younger age than for the general population to reduce deaths from the disease in this high-risk group.

The use of MRI in addition has been shown to be cost-effective for these women who carry the BRCA1/2 mutations or who have a 50% (or higher) risk of carrying it. However, until now it has not been clear whether it is cost-effective for women who do not carry the mutations, but who have first and/or second degree relatives with breast cancer, to have MRI examinations as well as standard mammography. These women have a 20% or greater chance of developing breast cancer by the age of 70 due to their familial medical history.

A group of researchers in The Netherlands conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of 1,597 women enrolled in the Dutch MRI Screening Study between 1999 and 2007, who had an estimated cumulative lifetime risk of between 15%-50% for developing breast cancer before the age of 70. The women were screened by way of a clinical breast examination every six months and an annual mammography and MRI between the ages of 25-70.

The researchers utilized data on diagnosis, screening, and treatment costs of the women with familial risk to calculate the cost per detected cancer and estimate the life-years gained. They then used a computer modeling technique called microsimulation to simulate screening programs with different methods of screening and time intervals.

“We found that it costs approximately three times as much to add MRI to the screening process for every estimated one year of life saved,” said Dr. Sepideh Saadatmand, who is a physician and PhD student at the Erasmus University Medical Center (Rotterdam, The Netherlands). “When women were screened using clinical breast examinations, mammography, and MRI, the cost per detected cancer was about EUR 103,000. We predicted that screening women between the ages of 35-60 in this way would reduce deaths from breast cancer by 24%, at a cost per year of life gained of EUR 30,000.

However, if these women were screened by yearly mammography and clinical breast examination alone, the estimated reduction in deaths was 20%, at a cost per year of life gained of EUR 10,000. Dr. Saadatmand noted, “It is clear from the results of this study that adding MRI to screening programs for all women with a cumulative life time risk of 15-50% for breast cancer is highly effective, but possibly too expensive. However, it may be cost-effective for a select subgroup. The subgroups we expect to benefit from MRI screening are women with a cumulative lifetime risk above 20% due to their family history, who have very dense breast tissue. Breast density may strongly influence screening results, since it increases breast cancer incidence significantly and decreases the sensitivity of mammography, but not of MRI. Therefore, for women with high breast density, MRI might be cost-effective. There is a multicenter randomized controlled trial running in The Netherlands to investigate this.”

The randomized controlled trial, with which Dr. Saadatmand is involved, is expected to end in 2015. It is randomizing women aged between 30-55 with a family history of breast cancer and a cumulative lifetime risk of over 20% for developing the disease into two groups: (1) annual screening by clinical breast examination and mammography; or (2) yearly screening by breast examination and MRI, with a mammography every other year. Researchers will be searching the number of tumors detected at screening examinations and in between examinations (interval tumors), and at how advanced the cancer is when diagnosed. They will also be taking into account the varying densities of the women’s breasts.

Dr. Saadatmand concluded, “The results of the cost-effectiveness study presented today are likely to be of relevance to other countries that have screening programs similar to The Netherlands, such as the UK and the Scandinavian countries.”

Prof. David Cameron, from the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, UK), and chair of EBCC-8, said, “This study produces an estimate of the cost-benefit of additional MRI in screening high-risk women. It will inform the important ongoing debate about the role of MRI in screening, particularly for younger women who have a higher-than average lifetime risk of developing breast cancer.”

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Erasmus University Medical Center